適用范圍

適宜住宅小區(qū)、辦公樓、商場(chǎng)、賓館、飯店、機(jī)關(guān)、學(xué)校、*、工廠等天源生活污水和與之類似的工業(yè)有機(jī)廢水，如紡織、啤酒、造紙、制革、食品、化工等行業(yè)的有機(jī)污水處理。[1]

發(fā)展歷史

在MBR研究初期，生物反應(yīng)器的構(gòu)型一般為好氧活性污泥反應(yīng)器。備其主要問題是懸浮污泥濃度過高，導(dǎo)致膜污染速率快；脫氮除磷效果不理想；曝氣能耗較高。近幾年來，出現(xiàn)了MBR的改進(jìn)工藝——復(fù)合型膜生物反應(yīng)器，獲得了更好的污染物去除效果和更穩(wěn)定的運(yùn)行性能。復(fù)合MBR工[2]藝是將生物膜法或生物接觸氧化法與活性污泥法結(jié)合而構(gòu)成的復(fù)合生物反應(yīng)器與膜分離的聯(lián)用工藝。

在工藝中，附著生長(zhǎng)的生物膜和懸浮生長(zhǎng)的活性污泥2種形式的微生物共存，二者發(fā)揮各自的優(yōu)勢(shì)，共同承擔(dān)去除污染物的作用，使得出水水質(zhì)得以提升，出水氨氮濃度低于活性污泥MBR，同時(shí)抗沖擊負(fù)荷的能力得到增強(qiáng)。因生物載體的介入而形成的生物膜具有多層結(jié)構(gòu)，從外至內(nèi)因氧傳遞阻力的增加而形成氧濃度梯度，進(jìn)而構(gòu)成外層以好氧為主而內(nèi)層以缺氧或厭氧為主的微環(huán)境，有利于提高系統(tǒng)的生物脫氮除磷能力。

另外，復(fù)合生物反應(yīng)器中微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化，生物的食物鏈長(zhǎng)，可有效改善污泥性狀，提高其處理能力。與傳統(tǒng)高濃度的活性污泥工藝相比工藝由于總生物量中懸浮污泥濃度的減少而有利于減緩膜污染，提高系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的穩(wěn)定性。

工藝流程

原水→格柵→調(diào)節(jié)池→提升泵→生物反應(yīng)器→循環(huán)泵→膜組件→消毒裝置→中水貯池→中水用水系統(tǒng)

折疊工藝流程說明

污水經(jīng)格柵進(jìn)入調(diào)節(jié)池后經(jīng)提升泵進(jìn)入生物反應(yīng)器，通過PLC控制器開啟曝氣機(jī)充氧，生物反應(yīng)器出水經(jīng)循環(huán)泵進(jìn)入膜分離處理單元，濃水返回調(diào)節(jié)池，膜分離的水經(jīng)過快速混合法氯化消毒（次氯酸鈉、漂白、氯片）后，進(jìn)入中水貯水池池。反沖洗泵利用清洗池中處理水對(duì)膜處理設(shè)備進(jìn)行反沖洗，反沖污水返回調(diào)節(jié)池。通過生物反應(yīng)器內(nèi)的水位控制提升泵的啟閉。膜單元的過濾操作與反沖洗操作可自動(dòng)或手動(dòng)控制。當(dāng)膜單元需要化學(xué)清洗操作時(shí)，關(guān)閉進(jìn)水閥和污水循環(huán)閥，打開藥洗閥和藥劑循環(huán)閥，啟動(dòng)藥液循環(huán)泵，進(jìn)行化學(xué)清洗操作。

本一體化生物反應(yīng)器采用可編程序控制器（PLC）控制。有以下功能：

·膜生物反應(yīng)器全過程采用自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)，大大減少了運(yùn)行管理費(fèi)用。

·當(dāng)生物反應(yīng)器內(nèi)水到高水位時(shí)，提升泵停止運(yùn)行，當(dāng)水位降至低水位時(shí)提升泵自動(dòng)開啟。

·根據(jù)中水貯水池水位自動(dòng)開啟、關(guān)閉循環(huán)泵。   重金屬污水處理成套設(shè)備

·自動(dòng)開啟、關(guān)閉加藥泵，加藥量可根據(jù)需要調(diào)整。

·自動(dòng)運(yùn)行膜清洗、消毒程序。

·電機(jī)設(shè)有過流、過載保護(hù)。

已建的中水回用工程普遍存在處理效果欠佳、運(yùn)行費(fèi)用較高、設(shè)施占地面積較大等問題，處理設(shè)施運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不理想。因此我國(guó)的城市中水處理事業(yè)迫切需要開發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)高效適用的處理工藝和配套設(shè)備。

折疊MBR工藝特點(diǎn)

膜生物污水處理技術(shù)應(yīng)用于廢水再生利用方面，具有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

（1）能高效地進(jìn)行固液分離，將廢水中的懸浮物質(zhì)、膠體物質(zhì)、生物單元流失的微生物菌群與已凈化的水分開。分離工藝簡(jiǎn)單，占地面積小，出水水質(zhì)好，一般不須經(jīng)三級(jí)處理即可回用。

（2）可使生物處理單元內(nèi)生物量維持在高濃度，使容積負(fù)荷大大提高，同時(shí)膜分離的高效性，使處理單元水力停留時(shí)間大大的縮短，生物反應(yīng)器的占地面積相應(yīng)減少。

（3）由于可防止各種微生物菌群的流失，有利于生長(zhǎng)速度緩慢的細(xì)菌（硝化細(xì)菌等）的生長(zhǎng)，從而使系統(tǒng)中各種代謝過程順利進(jìn)行。

（4）使一些大分子難降解有機(jī)物的停留時(shí)間變長(zhǎng)，有利于它們的分解。

〔5〕膜處理技術(shù)與其它的過濾分離技術(shù)一樣，在*的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程中，膜作為一種過濾介質(zhì)堵塞，膜的通過水量運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間而逐漸下降有效的反沖洗和化學(xué)清洗可減緩膜通量的下降，維持MBR系統(tǒng)的有效使用壽命。

1. MBR技術(shù)應(yīng)用在城市污水處理中，由于其工藝簡(jiǎn)單，操作方便，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)全自動(dòng)運(yùn)行管理。
2. 發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

目前全國(guó)依然有22.3%的縣城沒有設(shè)立污水處理廠，而重污染的廠家大部分都分布在城市的邊緣和縣城。由于污水處理廠是工廠排污zui后一道“過濾器”，而且不少工廠排污依然不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，造成了污水處理廠難以負(fù)荷大量的排污量。而且許多早期建設(shè)污水處理廠設(shè)備較落后，處理能力較差，加重了排污凈化的壓力。前瞻產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院認(rèn)為，這也是污水處理廠被迫成為“排污大戶”的重要原因。

不僅污水處理方面存在資源分配不均的問題，固廢處理等其它環(huán)保領(lǐng)域也存在明顯的區(qū)域空白或是區(qū)域分布失衡現(xiàn)象。因此，《中國(guó)環(huán)境污染防治設(shè)備產(chǎn)銷需求與投資預(yù)測(cè)分析報(bào)告前瞻》中分析認(rèn)為，環(huán)保設(shè)備企業(yè)研究市場(chǎng)需求和布局全國(guó)市場(chǎng)時(shí)，要充分考慮到目前這種區(qū)域間的落差，在政策的大力推動(dòng)下，得以抓住下一階段的環(huán)保市場(chǎng)潛力釋放期。

對(duì)于污水處理設(shè)備企業(yè)來說，前瞻產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院認(rèn)為，縣城污水處理廠的新建和老舊設(shè)備升級(jí)改造是重要的目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)。而當(dāng)前近七成的污水處理設(shè)備產(chǎn)自北京，也就是說大部分其它省市的污水處理廠可以抓住這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，借助“近水樓臺(tái)先得月”的優(yōu)勢(shì)，將目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)瞄準(zhǔn)周邊縣城，快速乘上環(huán)保政策的“東風(fēng)”。

前瞻產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院分析認(rèn)為，一方面，由于污染防治資源地區(qū)分布失衡；另一方面，設(shè)備老舊和處理能力較差，造成環(huán)保領(lǐng)域“漏洞”百出，出現(xiàn)污水處理廠被迫成為排污大戶的無(wú)奈。環(huán)保設(shè)備企業(yè)可以抓住這個(gè)不平衡創(chuàng)造出來的需求，合理布局未來一段時(shí)間的市場(chǎng)，及時(shí)趕上環(huán)保政策“東風(fēng)”。

發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

我國(guó)污水處理行業(yè)突飛猛進(jìn)，整體發(fā)展處于快速成*，主要表現(xiàn)在污水處理能力迅速擴(kuò)張、污水處理率穩(wěn)步提高、污水處理量快速增長(zhǎng)等方面。2010年城市污水處理廠日處理能力達(dá)10262萬(wàn)立方米，比2009年末增長(zhǎng)13.4%，城市污水處理率達(dá)到76.9%。截至2011年9月底，全國(guó)設(shè)市城市、縣累計(jì)建成城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠3077座，處理能力達(dá)到1.36億立方米/日。

城鎮(zhèn)污水垃圾處理設(shè)施建設(shè)推動(dòng)了環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，到2020年城市污水處理率將不低于90%，我國(guó)污水處理業(yè)務(wù)市場(chǎng)空間廣闊。此外，國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)利用再生水的政策，也將對(duì)污水深度處理業(yè)務(wù)提供廣闊的市場(chǎng)空間。我國(guó)污水處理建設(shè)的嚴(yán)峻形勢(shì)，縣城和建制鎮(zhèn)污水處理率較低的現(xiàn)狀，為污水處理市場(chǎng)的建設(shè)、運(yùn)營(yíng)投資均帶來巨大投資空間。

市場(chǎng)分析

隨著中國(guó)的工業(yè)化和城市化的深入，中國(guó)污水處理領(lǐng)域的投資將持續(xù)保持增長(zhǎng)，但短期內(nèi)投資增速則顯現(xiàn)出下滑的趨勢(shì)。2010年中國(guó)污水行業(yè)處理行業(yè)投資總額為860億元，同比增長(zhǎng)26%，投資增速與2009年相比放緩。2011年污水處理行業(yè)投資增速繼續(xù)下滑至15%左右。預(yù)計(jì)到2013年行業(yè)投資增速可恢復(fù)至18%左右。

相對(duì)于工業(yè)污水處理領(lǐng)域，生活污水處理屬于政府投資領(lǐng)域，投資剛性較強(qiáng)，因此2011年及2012年可維持一定的生活污水設(shè)備需求。在經(jīng)濟(jì)疲軟的情況下，大部分企業(yè)可能會(huì)推遲自身污水處理系統(tǒng)的更新改造計(jì)劃。因此工業(yè)污水處理設(shè)備需求在2012年將出現(xiàn)下滑，在2013年至2015年間，有望出現(xiàn)恢復(fù)性反彈。

折疊超濾水工作原理

超濾是一種以篩分為分離原理，以壓力為推動(dòng)力的膜分離過程，過濾精度在0.005-0.01μm范圍內(nèi)， 可有效去除水中的微粒、膠體、細(xì)菌、熱源及高分子有機(jī)物質(zhì)?？蓮V泛應(yīng)用于物質(zhì)的分離、濃縮、提純。超濾過程無(wú)相轉(zhuǎn)化，常溫下操作，對(duì)熱敏性物質(zhì)的分離尤為適宜，并具有良好的耐溫、耐酸堿和耐氧化性能，能在60℃ 以下，pH為2-11的條件下*連續(xù)使用。

折疊超濾膜的分類

超濾膜按結(jié)構(gòu)型式分為板框式（板式）、中空纖維式、納米膜表超濾膜、管式、卷式等多種結(jié)構(gòu)。其中，中空纖維超濾膜是超濾技術(shù)中zui為成熟與*的一種形式。中空纖維外徑0.4-2.0mm，內(nèi)徑0.3-1.4mm，中空纖維管壁上布滿微孔，孔徑以能截留物質(zhì)的分子量表達(dá)，截留分子量可達(dá)幾千至幾十萬(wàn)。原水在中空纖維外側(cè)或內(nèi)腔加壓流動(dòng)，分別構(gòu)成外壓式與內(nèi)壓式中空超濾膜。超濾是動(dòng)態(tài)過濾過程，被截留物質(zhì)可隨濃縮液排除不致堵塞膜表面，可*連續(xù)運(yùn)行。

折疊超濾技術(shù)的應(yīng)用

早期的工業(yè)超濾應(yīng)用于廢水和污水處理。三十多年來，隨著超濾技術(shù)的發(fā)展，如今超濾膜技術(shù)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)很廣，主要包括食品工業(yè)、飲料工業(yè)、乳品工業(yè)、生物發(fā)酵、生物醫(yī)藥、醫(yī)藥化工、生物制劑、中藥制劑、臨床醫(yī)學(xué)、印染廢水、食品工業(yè)廢水處理、資源回收以及環(huán)境工程等等。

折疊超濾設(shè)備的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

A.超濾膜元件采用世界*膜公司產(chǎn)品，確保了客戶得到目前世界上的有機(jī)膜元件，從而確保截留性能和膜通量。

B.系統(tǒng)回收率高，所得產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)優(yōu)良，可實(shí)現(xiàn)物料的高效分離、純化及高倍數(shù)濃縮。

C.處理過程無(wú)相變，對(duì)物料中組成成分無(wú)任何不良影響，且分離、純化、濃縮過程中始終處于常溫狀態(tài)，特別適用于熱敏性物質(zhì)的處理，*避免了高溫對(duì)生物活性物質(zhì)破壞這一弊端，有效保留原物料體系中的生物活性物質(zhì)及營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分。

D.系統(tǒng)能耗低，生產(chǎn)周期短，與傳統(tǒng)工藝設(shè)備相比，設(shè)備運(yùn)行費(fèi)用低，能有效降低生產(chǎn)成本，提高企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

E.系統(tǒng)工藝設(shè)計(jì)*，集成化程度高，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，占地面積少，操作與維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)便，工人勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度低。

F.系統(tǒng)制作材質(zhì)采用衛(wèi)生級(jí)管閥，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)清潔衛(wèi)生，滿足GMP或FDA生產(chǎn)規(guī)范要求。

G.控制系統(tǒng)可根據(jù)用戶具體使用要求進(jìn)行個(gè)性化設(shè)計(jì)，結(jié)合*的控制軟件，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)在線集中監(jiān)控重要工藝操作參數(shù)，避免人工誤操作，多方位確保系統(tǒng)*穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。

設(shè)備分類

折疊離心機(jī)

離心機(jī)主要用于將懸浮液中的固體顆粒與液體分開；或?qū)⑷闈嵋褐袃煞N密度不同，又互不相溶的液體分開（例如從牛奶中分離出奶油）；它也可用于排除濕固體中的液體，例如用洗衣機(jī)甩干濕衣服；特殊的超速管式分離機(jī)還可分離不同密度的氣體混合物；利用不同密度或粒度的固體顆粒在液體中沉降速度不同的特點(diǎn)，有的沉降離心機(jī)還可對(duì)固體顆粒按密度或粒度進(jìn)行分級(jí)。　

折疊污泥脫水機(jī)

污泥脫水機(jī)

污泥脫水機(jī)特點(diǎn)是可自動(dòng)控制運(yùn)行，連續(xù)生產(chǎn)，無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速，對(duì)多種污泥適用，適用于給水排水，造紙，鑄造，皮革，紡織，化工，食品等多種行業(yè)的污泥脫水?！?/span>[4]

折疊曝氣機(jī)

曝氣機(jī)是通過散氣葉輪，將“微氣泡”直接注入未經(jīng)處理的污水中，在混凝劑和絮凝劑的共同作用下，懸浮物發(fā)生物理絮凝和化學(xué)絮凝，從而形成大的懸浮物絮團(tuán)，在氣泡群的浮升作用下“絮團(tuán)”浮上液面形成浮渣，利用刮渣機(jī)從水中分離；不需要清理噴嘴，不會(huì)發(fā)生阻塞現(xiàn)象。本設(shè)備整體性好，安裝方便，節(jié)省運(yùn)行費(fèi)用與占地面?！?/span>

折疊微濾機(jī)

微濾機(jī)是一種轉(zhuǎn)鼓式篩網(wǎng)過濾裝置。被處理的廢水沿軸向進(jìn)入鼓內(nèi)，以徑向輻射狀經(jīng)篩網(wǎng)流出，水中雜質(zhì)（細(xì)小的懸浮物、纖維、紙漿等）即被截留于鼓筒上濾網(wǎng)內(nèi)面。當(dāng)截留在濾網(wǎng)上的雜質(zhì)被轉(zhuǎn)鼓帶到上部時(shí)，被壓力沖洗水反沖到排渣槽內(nèi)流出。運(yùn)行時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)鼓2/5的直徑部分露出水面，轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)為1-4r/min，濾網(wǎng)過濾速度可采用30-120m/h，沖洗水壓力0.5-1.5kg/cm2，沖洗水量為生產(chǎn)水量的0.5-1.0%，用于水庫(kù)水處理時(shí)，除藻效率達(dá)40-70%，除浮游生物效率達(dá)97-*。微濾機(jī)占地面積小，生產(chǎn)能力大（250-36000m3/d），操作管理方便，已成功地應(yīng)用于給水及廢水處理。　

折疊氣浮機(jī)

氣浮機(jī)是一種去除各種工業(yè)

溶氣氣浮機(jī)

溶氣系統(tǒng)

和市政污水中的懸浮物、油脂及各種膠狀物的設(shè)備。該設(shè)備廣泛應(yīng)用于煉油、化工、釀造、屠宰、電鍍、印染等工業(yè)廢水和市政污水的處理。

按溶氣方式分為：CQJ超效淺層氣浮機(jī)、溶氣氣浮機(jī)和電解氣浮機(jī)。其原理是將難以溶解于水中的氣體或兩種以上不同液體高效混合（產(chǎn)生微細(xì)氣泡粒徑20-50微米）。以微小氣泡作為載體，粘附水中的雜質(zhì)顆粒，顆粒被氣泡挾帶浮升至水面與水分離，達(dá)到固液分離的目的。[5]

安裝要求

1、根據(jù)地埋式污水處理設(shè)備安裝圖與基礎(chǔ)圖，準(zhǔn)備基礎(chǔ)以安裝平面圖大小尺寸為準(zhǔn)，做好混凝土底板，基礎(chǔ)要求平均承壓5t/m2，基礎(chǔ)必須水平，并應(yīng)在混凝土基礎(chǔ)澆注保養(yǎng)期結(jié)束后才能進(jìn)行安裝，如設(shè)備安裝在地坪以下，基礎(chǔ)離地坪相對(duì)標(biāo)高按圖尺寸為準(zhǔn)，同時(shí)四周挖掘?qū)挾?，長(zhǎng)度必須離基礎(chǔ)邊線500mm以上，以便管道安裝。

2、管道安裝連接應(yīng)該在設(shè)備就位時(shí)考慮好，設(shè)備就位時(shí)必須按說明書設(shè)備自重，配合吊車噸位大小，安裝順序按現(xiàn)場(chǎng)對(duì)照?qǐng)D就位，筒體的位置，方向不能放錯(cuò)，互相間距必須正確。

3、根據(jù)安裝圖，連接管道，設(shè)備就位后連接管道用橡皮墊緊固好，使連接處不滲漏。

4、地埋式污水處理設(shè)備安裝完畢后設(shè)備與基礎(chǔ)地板必須連接固定，保證不使設(shè)備流動(dòng)上浮， 同時(shí)須在設(shè)備中注入污水(無(wú)污水時(shí)，用其他水源或自來水代替)，充滿度必須達(dá)到70%以上，以防設(shè)備上浮。同時(shí)，檢查好各管道有無(wú)滲漏。試水各管路口必須不滲漏，同時(shí)設(shè)備不受地面水上漲，而使設(shè)備錯(cuò)位和傾斜。

5、設(shè)備安裝完畢無(wú)不妥后，即可用土填入設(shè)備四周與間隙中夯實(shí)，并整平地面填土?xí)r應(yīng)注意：(1)設(shè)備人孔蓋板必須高出地坪50mm左右;(2)不能讓土堵塞人孔蓋板上的進(jìn)氣口。 6、把電控柜控制線與設(shè)備接通，接線時(shí)注意水下曝氣機(jī)及潛污泵電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)向，如地下室控制柜要放在通風(fēng)處，保持干燥，一般控制柜不能放在露天。須防日曬，淋雨等。以免控制板及接線頭漏電，燒毀控制板。

7、地埋式污水處理設(shè)備[3]注意事項(xiàng)：(1)設(shè)備安裝之處必須保證下雨不積水，(2)設(shè)備的出水管必須在相對(duì)地坪0.4m以下，(3)設(shè)備上方不得壓有重物，不得有大型車輛經(jīng)過(指無(wú)特殊設(shè)計(jì)的)，(4)設(shè)備一般不得抽空內(nèi)部污水，以防止地下水把設(shè)備浮起。

8、注意本設(shè)備安裝圖及管道連接圖按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)連接及平面布置，如用戶要求可任意布置，但必須在訂合同時(shí)提出。

9、連接好風(fēng)機(jī)、水泵控制線路，并注意風(fēng)機(jī)、水泵的轉(zhuǎn)向必須正確無(wú)誤。

超濾膜材料

近年來，我國(guó)每年排污水量約400-500億m3，經(jīng)處理后排放的僅15-25%，由于污水到處橫流，使我國(guó)各大水源都產(chǎn)生不同程度的污染，水環(huán)境嚴(yán)重惡化。所以，加強(qiáng)污水深度治理，使之不僅達(dá)標(biāo)排放而且還可大量回用，非常必要，這對(duì)改善水環(huán)境、緩解水資源的不足，節(jié)約寶貴的水資源都是十分重要的。城市及工業(yè)污水經(jīng)過深度處理后可用于農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、城市景觀、市政綠化、生活雜用、地下水回灌和補(bǔ)充地表水等方面的應(yīng)用。傳統(tǒng)水處理技術(shù)能夠消除部分污染物，將COD、BOD以及重金融等污染物指標(biāo)降到安全排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或雜用(中水)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但無(wú)法*消除排水中所含的微量溶解性污染物。采用反滲透膜技術(shù)可*去除這些污染物，實(shí)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)格意義下的污水再生。用傳統(tǒng)處理工藝和膜技術(shù)集成，可將污水或廢水變成不同水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的回用水，或使之循環(huán)回用，這樣即緩解了供求矛盾，又減少了污染，還可促進(jìn)環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。

水環(huán)境質(zhì)量的嚴(yán)重惡化和經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，迫切要求有相應(yīng)的污水廢水資源化的技術(shù)。在這一領(lǐng)域中膜分離技術(shù)占有重要的位置和作用。膜分離作為一項(xiàng)*在近40年來迅速發(fā)展成為產(chǎn)業(yè)化的高效節(jié)能分離技術(shù)過程。40多年，電滲析、反滲透、微濾、超濾、納濾、滲透汽化，膜接觸和膜反應(yīng)過程相繼發(fā)展起來，在能源、電子、石化、醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生、化工、輕工、食品、飲料行業(yè)和日常生活及環(huán)保領(lǐng)域等均獲得廣泛的應(yīng)用，產(chǎn)生了顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)效益。社會(huì)的需求使膜技術(shù)應(yīng)允而生，也是社會(huì)的需求促使膜技術(shù)迅速發(fā)展，使膜技術(shù)不斷創(chuàng)新、技術(shù)進(jìn)步，完善，成為單元操作，成為集成過程中的關(guān)鍵。

1連續(xù)膜過濾技術(shù)(CMC)

中空纖維膜由于比表面積大，膜組件的裝填密度大，所以設(shè)備緊湊;這種膜因紡制而成，工藝簡(jiǎn)單，所以生產(chǎn)成本一般低于其它的膜：由于沒有支撐層均可以反向清洗，特別是一些耐污染性好，對(duì)氧化性清洗劑耐受性好的膜的出現(xiàn)，使得在大規(guī)模的污水處理工程中，中空纖維膜的應(yīng)用有*的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

CMF技術(shù)的核心是高抗污染膜以及與之相配合的膜清洗技術(shù)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)膜的不停機(jī)在線清洗清洗，從而做到對(duì)料液不間斷連續(xù)處理，保證設(shè)備的連續(xù)高效運(yùn)行。

CMF目前主要用于大型城市污水處理廠二沉池生水的深度處理回用，海水淡化或大型反滲透系統(tǒng)的預(yù)處理。地表水地下水凈化、飲料澄清除濁等。

2膜生物反應(yīng)器(MBR)

膜生物反應(yīng)器是膜分離技術(shù)和生物技術(shù)結(jié)合的新工藝。用在污水廢水處理領(lǐng)域，利用膜件進(jìn)行固液分離，截留的污泥或雜質(zhì)回流至(或保留)在生物反應(yīng)器中，處理的清水透過膜排水，構(gòu)成了污水處理的膜生物反應(yīng)器系統(tǒng)，膜組件的作用相當(dāng)于傳統(tǒng)污水生物處理系統(tǒng)中的二沉池。

MBR中使用的膜有平板膜、管式膜和中空纖維膜，目前主要以中空纖維膜為主。

生活污水經(jīng)MBR處理后，生水水源已達(dá)到很高的水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此方法不*于處理生活污水，MBR技術(shù)也廣泛地用于染色廢水，洗毛廢水、肉類加工污水等水處理系統(tǒng)。MBR系統(tǒng)的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是規(guī)模可大可小，小裝置可用于一個(gè)家庭，大型裝置日處理量可達(dá)數(shù)萬(wàn)立方米。

3反滲透技術(shù)(RO)

反滲透技術(shù)是20世紀(jì)60年代初發(fā)展起來的以壓力為驅(qū)動(dòng)力的膜分離技術(shù)。該技術(shù)是從海水、苦咸水淡化而發(fā)展起來的，通常稱為“淡化技術(shù)”。由于反滲透技術(shù)具有無(wú)相變，組件化、流程簡(jiǎn)單，操作方便，占面積小、投資少，耗能低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，發(fā)展十分迅速。RO技術(shù)已廣泛用于海水、苦咸水淡化，純水、超純水制備，化工分離、濃縮、提純，廢水資源化等領(lǐng)域。工程遍布電力、電子、化工、輕工、煤炭、環(huán)保、醫(yī)藥、食品等行業(yè)。

廢水資源化是有開發(fā)增量淡水資源與保護(hù)環(huán)境雙重目的。無(wú)機(jī)系列廢水處理與海水苦咸水淡化采用同類裝并具有較多共性工藝技術(shù)。RO可使廢液中的銅、鉛、汞、鎳、銻、鈹、砷、鉻、硒、銨、鋅等離子脫除除90-99%。

目前，反滲透技術(shù)在城市污水深度處理，一些工業(yè)廢水深度處理方面的應(yīng)用受到了高度重視，包括中水回用，污水處理廠二級(jí)出水的深度處理，經(jīng)初級(jí)處理后的工業(yè)廢水深度處理制取優(yōu)質(zhì)淡水。中東不少缺水國(guó)家，在大量采用反滲透海水淡化技術(shù)的同時(shí)，引入反滲透技技術(shù)處理二級(jí)污水，出水水質(zhì)可達(dá)TDS≤80mg/L，擴(kuò)大了淡水資源。如中東地區(qū)、澳大利亞、新加坡等國(guó)都有這方面的大型工程實(shí)例。

4集成膜過程污水深度處理方法

集成膜過程是將超濾/微濾與反滲透(或納濾)結(jié)合使用，形成能夠滿足各咱回用目的的污水深度處理工藝。超濾、微濾可以作為獨(dú)立的高級(jí)三級(jí)處理方法，也是反滲透過程理想的預(yù)處理工藝，抗污染能力強(qiáng)、性能*的超濾、微濾單元代替了復(fù)雜的傳統(tǒng)處理工藝，而且出水品質(zhì)遠(yuǎn)高于三級(jí)出水指標(biāo)，不但*可以去除污水中的細(xì)菌和懸浮物，對(duì)COD、BOD也有一定的卻除效果。在超濾、微濾之后使用的反滲透膜，其清洗周期由采用傳統(tǒng)預(yù)處理工藝的3-4周增加到半年以上，膜壽命可延長(zhǎng)到達(dá)-6年。膜集成污水再生工藝具有系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定、維護(hù)少、占地小、化學(xué)品用量少、流程簡(jiǎn)單和運(yùn)行費(fèi)用低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

新一代中空纖維超濾(微濾)膜與傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品相比，具有機(jī)械強(qiáng)度高、抗氧化、抗污染、高通量等特點(diǎn)，在運(yùn)行工藝上，采用了低壓操作、反沖清洗、氣水沖洗等新技術(shù)，使得超濾膜裝置能夠在污染傾向*的污水介質(zhì)中保持穩(wěn)定的性能，超濾膜的使用范圍因此擴(kuò)展到了能適應(yīng)于多種復(fù)雜的介質(zhì)環(huán)境，同時(shí)大大擴(kuò)展了反滲透技術(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍，新一代的超濾膜及其系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用技術(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍，新一代的超濾膜及其系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用技術(shù)將膜技術(shù)帶到了一個(gè)全新的時(shí)代，*改變了膜法水處理技術(shù)必須依托于復(fù)雜、精細(xì)的預(yù)處理系統(tǒng)的形象，使膜技術(shù)應(yīng)用于二級(jí)出水、三級(jí)出水以及多種原廢水等許多復(fù)雜的水質(zhì)體系的深度處理。

5傳統(tǒng)處理方法

傳統(tǒng)污水三級(jí)處理工藝，主要的工藝單元有石灰澄清、重碳酸化、絮凝、沉降、過濾和氣浮等。根據(jù)具體污水排入物質(zhì)的成分的不同，處理方式有所差異。傳統(tǒng)處理工藝存在著工藝復(fù)雜、水利用率低、化學(xué)品消耗量大的弊病，而且由于無(wú)法*去除生物絮體及膠體物質(zhì)，致使清洗頻繁，影響了出水水質(zhì)。Scope of application 
Suitable for residential, office buildings, shopping malls, hos, restaurants, agencies, schools, army, factory and other doctors graduated life sewage and similar industrial organic wastewater, such as textile, beer, paper making, leather making, food, chemical and other industries of organic wastewater treatment. [1] 
The development history 
In the early stage of MBR, the configuration of bioreactors is generally aerobic activated sludge reactor. The main problem is that the concentration of suspended sludge is too high, causing the membrane pollution rate to be fast. The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus is not ideal; Aeration energy consumption is higher. In recent years, the improved process of MBR - compound membrane bioreactor has been developed to obtain better removal efficiency and more stable performance. Compound MBR work [2] art is a combination of biofilm or biological contact oxidation and activated sludge process. 
In the process, the growth of the attached growth of biofilm and suspended activated sludge two forms of microbial coexistence, both play their respective advantages, Shared the removal of contaminants, makes the water quality was improved and the water ammonia nitrogen concentration is lower than the activated sludge MBR, is more capable of impact load at the same time. Formed due to the intervention of biological carrier biofilm has a multilayer structure, from external to internal cause the increase of the oxygen transfer resistance and form oxygen concentration gradient, which constitute the outer layer is given priority to with aerobic and the inner layer is given priority to with oxygen or anaerobic microenvironment, is conducive to improve the ability of biological denitrification and phosphorus removal. 
In addition, the microbial community structure in the complex bioreactor is diverse and the food chain of the organism is long, which can effectively improve the sludge character and improve its processing ability. Compared with the traditional high concentration of activated sludge process, the decrease of the concentration of suspended sludge in total biomass is beneficial to reduce the membrane fouling and improve the stability of the system operation. 
The process flow 
The original water, the grating, the adjustment pool, the pump, the bioreactor, the circulation pump, the membrane component, the disinfecting device, the water water system in the middle water 
Description of folding process flow 
Sewage after grille into regulating pool is entered into the bioreactor, lift pump by PLC controller open aerator oxygen filling, bioreactor effluent by the circulation pump into the membrane separation processing units, strong water returns to adjust pool, membrane separation of water chlorination after rapid mixing method (sodium hypochlorite, bleaching, chlorine tablets), into the water in the pool of water storage tank. The backwash pump USES the cleaning pool to process the water to the membrane processing equipment to backflush, and the anti-flushing sewage returned to the adjustment pool. The lifting of the pump is controlled by the water level in the bioreactor. The filtration and backwash operation of membrane unit can be controlled automatically or manually. When the membrane unit needs chemical cleaning operation, close the water inlet valve and the sewage circulation valve, open the medicine wash valve and the pharmaceutical circulation valve, start the liquid circulating pump, and conduct chemical cleaning operation. 
This integrated bioreactor adopts programmable logic controller (PLC) control. There are the following functions: 
· the whole process of membrane bioreactor adopts automatic control system, which greatly reduces operating overhead. 
· when the water in the bioreactor is in high water level, the lift pump stops operation, and the lift pump automatically opens when the water level drops to low water level. 
· open and close circulating pump according to water level of cistern. Complete equipment for heavy metal sewage treatment 
· automatic opening and closing of the pump, the dosage can be adjusted according to need. 
· automatic membrane cleaning and sterilization procedures. 
· the motor has overcurrent and overload protection. 
The construction of medium water reuse project is generally in poor condition, high running cost and large area of the facility, which is not ideal for handling facilities. Therefore, China's urban water treatment industry urgently needs to develop efficient and efficient processing technology and supporting equipment. 
Folding MBR process characteristics 
The application of membrane biological wastewater treatment technology to wastewater recycling has the following characteristics: 
(1) it is efficient to remove the solid liquid, and separate the particles of aerosols from the waste water, the colloidal material, and the microbiota of the biological unit from the purified water. The separation process is simple, the area is small, the water quality is good, generally not need to be treated by the tertiary treatment. 
(2) can make the biological treatment unit in biomass at high concentration, the volume load is greatly increased, membrane separation efficiency at the same time, make the processing unit hydraulic retention time greatly shortened, bioreactor covers an area of less. 
(3) because it can prevent the loss of various microbial flora, it is beneficial to the growth of slow-growing bacteria (nitrifying bacteria, etc.), thus making the various metabolic processes in the system proceed smoothly. 
(4) it is beneficial for the decomposition of some large molecules to degrade the residence time of organic matter. 
(5) film processing technology and other filtration separation technology, in the process of long-term operation, the film as a filter medium blockage, membrane through the water run time and decrease the effective backwash and chemical cleaning can slow down the decline of membrane flux to maintain the effective service life of the MBR system. 
(6) MBR technology is applied in urban sewage treatment, because its technology is simple and easy to operate, it can realize full automatic operation and management. 
(7) development status 
There are still 22.3 percent of counties in the country that do not have a sewage treatment plant, and most of the heavy polluting factories are located on the edge of cities and counties. Since the sewage treatment plant is the last "filter" of the sewage treatment plant, and many factories are still not conforming to the standards, the sewage treatment plants are unable to load a lot of sewage. And many early construction sewage treatment plant equipment is inferior, the processing ability is inferior, aggravate the pressure that the discharge purifies. This, according to the prospective industry research institute, is also an important reason for sewage treatment plants to be "polluters". 
In addition to the problem of unequal resource distribution in sewage treatment, there are obvious regional gaps or regional imbalance in other environmental areas such as solid waste treatment. Therefore, the China environmental pollution prevention and control of special equipment production and sales forecast demand and investment analysis report preview "in the analysis, environmental protection equipment enterprises to research market demand and the layout of the national market, to fully consider the gap between the current area, under the push of the policy, to seize the next phase of the environmental protection market potential release period. 
For the enterprises of sewage treatment equipment, the prospective industry research institute believes that the new and old equipment upgrade and renovation of the county sewage treatment plant is an important target market. Now close to seventy percent of the sewage treatment equipment made in Beijing, most of the other provinces and cities of the sewage treatment plant, that is can seize the opportunity, take advantage of the "advantage", the target market aimed at surrounding counties, fast on environmental policy of "dongfeng". 
According to the analysis by the prospective industry research institute, on the one hand, the distribution of pollution in the resources of pollution prevention and control is unbalanced. On the other hand, the equipment is older and less able to handle the problem, causing a lot of "holes" in the environmental protection area, and the sewage treatment plant is forced to become a big polluters. Environmental protection equipment enterprises can seize the demand created by this imbalance, reasonably layout the market for a period of time, and catch up with the environmental policy "dongfeng" in time. 
The development trend 
The sewage treatment industry in our country by leaps and bounds, and the overall development in rapid growth, rapidly expanding in sewage treatment capacity, sewage treatment has steadily increased, the rapid growth of sewage treatment, etc. In 2010, the daily treatment capacity of urban sewage treatment plants reached 102.26 million cubic meters, up 13.4% from the end of 2009, and the urban sewage treatment rate reached 76.9%. By the end of September 2011, there were 3,077 urban sewage treatment plants in cities and counties in China, with a capacity of 1.36 billion cubic meters per day. 
The construction of sewage disposal facilities in urban areas has promoted the development of environmental protection industries, and the urban sewage treatment rate will be no less than 90 percent by 2020, and the market for sewage treatment in China is vast. In addition, the state encourages the use of renewable water policies, which will also provide broad market space for the treatment of wastewater. The serious situation of sewage treatment and construction in China, the low sewage treatment rate of county and construction towns, and the construction of sewage treatment market and operation and investment have brought huge investment space. 
Market analysis 
As China's industrialization and urbanization deepen, investment in China's sewage treatment sector will continue to grow, but in the short term investment growth shows a downward trend. In 2010, the total investment volume of sewage treatment industry in China was 86 billion yuan, up 26% year-on-year, and investment growth slowed down from 2009. Investment growth in sewage treatment industry continued to decline to around 15% in 2011. Investment growth is expected to recover to about 18 per cent by 2013. 
Compared with industrial sewage treatment, domestic sewage treatment belongs to the government investment field, and the investment rigidity is strong, so the demand for sewage equipment can be maintained in 2011 and 2012. In the case of economic weakness, most companies may delay retrofitting of their own sewage treatment systems. Therefore, the demand for industrial sewage treatment equipment will decline in 2012, and it is expected to have a recovery rebound between 2013 and 2015. 
The principle of folding ultrafiltration water 
Ultrafiltration is a kind of screen is divided into separation principle, with pressure as the driving force of membrane separation process, filtration precision within the scope of 0.005 to 0.01 microns, which can effectively remove the particles in the water, colloid, bacteria, heat source and the macromolecule organic matter. It can be widely used in separation, concentration and purification of matter. Ultrafiltration process without phase transformation, room temperature operation, the separation of heat sensitive material is appropriate, and has good heat resistance, acid and alkali resistance and oxidation resistance, can under 60 ℃, pH of 2-11 under the condition of continuous use for a long time. 
Classification of folded ultrafiltration membrane 
The ultrafiltration membrane is divided into plate frame type (plate type), hollow fiber type, nanofilm surface ultrafiltration membrane, tube type, volume and other structures. The hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane is one of the most mature and advanced forms in ultrafiltration. The outer diameter of hollow fiber is 0.4-2.0mm, the inner diameter is 0.3-1.4mm, the wall of hollow fiber tube is full of micropores, and the pore diameter is expressed as the molecular weight of the material that can be trapped, and the molecular weight can reach several thousand to hundreds of thousands. The original water is pressurized by the lateral or inner cavity of the hollow fiber, respectively forming the outer pressure type and the inner pressure hollow ultrafiltration membrane. Ultrafiltration is a process of dynamic filtration. The trapped material can be removed from the concentrated liquid without blocking the surface of the membrane, which can be operated continuously for a long time. 
Application of folding ultrafiltration technology 
Early industrial ultrafiltration was applied to wastewater and sewage treatment. For over 30 years, with the development of ultrafiltration technology, the field of the application of ultrafiltration membrane technology has now is very wide, mainly including the food industry, beverage industry, dairy industry, fermentation, biological medicine, medicine, chemical, biological agents, Chinese medicine, clinical medicine, printing and dyeing wastewater, food industry wastewater treatment, recycling and environmental engineering, etc. 
Advantages of folding ultrafiltration equipment 
A. The ultrafiltration membrane element adopts the world famous membrane company product, which ensures the customers get the most high-quality organic membrane components in the world, thus ensuring the retention performance and membrane flux. 
B. High recovery rate, good quality of products, high efficient separation, purification and high expansion of materials. 
C. no phase change process, composition of the material without any adverse effects, and in the process of separation, purification, concentration remain the state of the normal temperature, especially suitable for the processing of heat sensitive material, compley avoid the high temperature and the disadvantages of destruction of bioactive substances, effectively keep the bioactive substances in raw material system and nutrients. 
D. The system has low energy consumption and short production cycle. Compared with the traditional process equipment, the equipment running cost is low, which can effectively reduce the production cost and improve the economic efficiency of the enterprise. 
E. system technology design is advanced, the integration level is high, the structure is compact, the area is small, the operation and maintenance is simple, the worker labor intensity is low. 
F. The system makes the materials to use the health class pipe valve, on-site cleaning and sanitation, to meet the requirements of GMP or FDA production specifications. 
G. control system can be used according to customer's specific requirements for personalized design, combining with advanced control software, centralized monitoring important process operating parameters, the field and avoid artificial wrong operation, ensure the long-term stable operation of the system. 
Equipment classification 
Folding centrifuge 
The centrifuge is mainly used to separate the solid particles from the liquid. Or separate the two different densities in the emulsion, the liquid that is not mutually soluble (for example, by separating the cream from the milk); It can also be used to remove liquids from wet solids, such as drying wet clothes in a washing machine. Special speed tube separator can also separate the gas mixture of different densities. Some settlement centrifuges can also grade the solid particles by density or particle size.  
Folding sludge dewatering machine 
Sludge dewatering machine 
The sludge dewatering machine is characterized by automatic control operation, continuous production, stepless speed regulation, applicable to a variety of sludge, suitable for water supply and drainage, paper making, casting, leather, textile, chemical, food and other industries of sludge dewatering. [4] 
Folding aerator 
Impeller aerator is through the scattered gas, the "micro bubbles" direct injection of raw sewage, the coagulant and flocculant, under the joint action of suspension physical flocculation and chemical flocculation, forming a large suspension floccules, under the effect of bubble group of ascending "floccules" floating on the liquid surface scum formation, using slag scraper separation from water; There is no need to clear the nozzles, no blockage occurs. The equipment is integral and easy to install, saving running cost and occupying the ground.  
Folding microfilter 
A microfilter is a type of rotary drum screen filter. The treated waste water flows along the axis into the drum, and the radial radial radiation is filtered through the screen, and the impurities (small suspended objects, fibers, pulp, etc.) are trapped in the inner surface of the drum. When the impurities that are trapped in the filter are carried to the upper part of the filter, the water is flushed back to the drain. Runtime, the diameter of the drum 2/5 part above the water, the revolution of 1-4 r/min, mesh filtration velocity can be used 30-120 - m/h, 0.5 1.5 kg/cm2, flushing water pressure flushing water from 0.5 to 1.0% of water rate, used for reservoir water treatment, the efficiency to remove algae in 40-70%, in addition to the plankton with up to 97-*. The microfilter has a small footprint and large production capacity (250-36000m3 / d), which is convenient for operation and management and has been successfully applied to water supply and wastewater treatment.  
Collapsible gas float 
Air float is a kind of removal of various industries 
Dissolved gas float 
Dissolved air system 
And municipal sewage of suspension, grease and various colloidal devices. The equipment is widely used in oil refining, chemical industry, brewing, slaughtering, electroplating, dyeing and other industrial waste water and municipal wastewater treatment. 
It is divided into: CQJ supereffect shallow gas float, air gas float and electric degassing machine. The principle is that it will be difficult to dissolve the gas in water or two or more different liquids (which produce a microbubble size of 20-50 microns). As the carrier of tiny bubbles, particles of impurity in the water are attached to the water and the particles are lifted to the surface to separate from the water, so as to achieve the separation of the solid liquid. [5] 
Installation requirements 
1, according to the buried sewage treatment equipment installation drawing and foundation drawing, based the installation plan size shall prevail, ready to make concrete floor, based on average 5 t/m2, the infrastructure must level, and should be based on the concrete pouring maintenance period can only be carried out after the installation, such as equipment installation under the floor, foundation from the ground level ground is relative elevation according to the size of figure, at the same time around the mining width and length must be more than 500 mm from the base line, so that the piping installation. 
2, piping connections should consider good, when equipment is in place when the equipment is in place according to the instruction manual equipment self-respect, cooperate with the crane capacity size, according to the on-site installation sequence control diagram is in place, the location of the cylinder, can't put the wrong direction, distance between each other must be correct. 
3. Connect the pipes according to the installation drawing, and the connecting pipes are fastened with rubber pads after the equipment is in place to make the connection not 

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